In recent years, the pilot reform of vocational education at the undergraduate level has been deepened, the channels for students to grow into talents have been broadened, and more and more young students have run to a more brilliant life through vocational undergraduate education and training。In 2023, China's vocational college enrollment 555.07 million, while vocational undergraduate enrollment of 8.990,000, an increase of 17 percent over the previous year.82%, vocational undergraduate accounts for about 1 % of the national higher vocational education enrollment.6%。In 2021, the "Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of Modern Vocational Education" issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and The General Office of the State Council made it clear that by 2025, "the enrollment scale of vocational undergraduate education will not be less than 10% of the enrollment scale of higher vocational education."。To this end, the enrollment of vocational undergraduate education needs to expand by more than five times in two years。At present, with the upgrading of a number of national "double high Plan" construction schools and the merger of independent colleges and public vocational colleges, the number of vocational undergraduate schools has increased from the first 15 to 51。How is the enrollment, training and employment situation of the gradually growing vocational undergraduate, which has been widely concerned by students and their parents in this college entrance examination season。
At present, there are basically five kinds of vocational undergraduate enrollment models, among which the college entrance examination is the main way。From the data of 35 vocational undergraduate schools in 2023, the admission scores of most schools are basically within 50 points on the undergraduate batch admission control line, and the completion rate of undergraduate programs is relatively high。In 2023, among the 6 undergraduate majors of Shenzhen Vocational and Technical University, the admission score of physics students exceeded the undergraduate line of Guangdong Province by more than 110 points;Hebei Polytechnic University 2023 undergraduate plan completion rate of 98.09%。
The second way is to upgrade, that is, fresh graduates of higher vocational colleges in the province or fresh graduates of higher vocational colleges outside the province, through participating in the unified proposition exam of the provincial examination institute, to reach the provincial admission score line to enter the ordinary (vocational) undergraduate colleges and universities to study for two years。
The third way is the "3+2" training of higher vocational college and general (vocational) undergraduate，That is, the provincial students who have been admitted to the pilot class of the former vocational college，After three years of junior college，Participate in the two sections of the school jointly organized transfer exam，Those who pass the qualification are admitted to general (vocational) undergraduate institutions for two-year undergraduate studies，It is consistent with the training mode of higher education。
The fourth way is the secondary vocational school and undergraduate school "3+4" through the segmented training，Refers to the secondary vocational school students who have been included in the pilot project of through training in this province，After completing the first three years of study in the secondary vocational school，After the provincial examination institute unified organization of the section examination，After passing the grades, they will be directly promoted to the corresponding undergraduate institutions for four-year undergraduate studies，Equal treatment with students entering the college entrance examination。This model is suitable for fresh junior high school graduates who are at the upper middle level and intend to continue to improve their education。
The fifth way is to enroll vocational undergraduates separately，That is, the secondary vocational schools registered in the province should be the previous graduates and the previous high school graduates，And candidates from other provinces who meet the relevant requirements，Passed the unified proposition Examination of the Provincial Examination Institute (culture + skills)，Reaching the provincial admission score can be admitted to the vocational undergraduate school for four years，Equal treatment with students entering the college entrance examination。This model opens up a path for secondary vocational students with excellent results to enter vocational undergraduate, and is also a new exploration of vocational education college entrance examination。It can be said that the five enrollment methods have promoted the vigorous development of vocational undergraduate education in the country。
In addition to enrollment, training mode is also a topic of concern to candidates。Vocational undergraduate schools continue to highlight the "vocational education gene" in training methods。On the basis of the integrated training model of production and education, the university and the enterprise jointly develop a four-year undergraduate or through training personnel training program。The high-level technical talents trained by vocational college have wider and deeper theoretical knowledge than that of vocational college, and tend to develop high-level professional skills, and have better professional ethics, craftsman spirit, innovative spirit, and the ability to solve complex problems and sustainable development。
At the same time, a number of vocational undergraduates are exploring the establishment of city-wide industry-education consortiums, industry-industry-education integration communities, vocational education groups, etc. jointly created by the government, the industry, enterprises, and schools, with talent training, teacher team construction, teaching resource bank construction, and vocational training as the main functions。For example, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology gathers and integrates industry, other local colleges and universities, and industrial resources，Set up "Hainan Information Vocational Education Group";Nanjing Polytechnic University co-ordinates resources，Set up "National machinery industry high-end CNC equipment production and education integration community" "Nanjing cross-border e-commerce city production and education consortium"，We will further promote cooperation between schools and enterprises，Form a new mode of integration of production and education in vocational undergraduate education。
There are also a number of specialty groups with vocational undergraduate characteristics to cooperate with corresponding industries and enterprises to build industrial colleges, and carry out characteristic education models such as "on-site engineer class", high-level modern apprenticeship system, and "post class competition certificate creation" on the integration platform built to promote the accurate docking of vocational education and industrial talent needs。The professional undergraduate program determines the talent training objectives according to the development orientation of the school and the development needs of the industry，The logical starting point is the position (group) or job requirements of the scale or specialized new enterprise，Build a professional curriculum system，Focus on professional ability，Vocational activities as a unit to build the curriculum，System design course teaching project，Achieve training goals。At the same time, vocational undergraduate schools also integrate industrial advanced elements into the teaching content, highlighting the "skill combination" and "technological innovation" of talent training.。In addition, vocational undergraduate schools through the joint development of school and enterprise curriculum and practice standards, efforts to build professional teaching resources, the development of a number of new loose-leaf textbooks, improve the process and comprehensive evaluation methods, to meet the needs of diverse talent growth。
At present, this training mode has achieved initial results, and students generally have strong practical skills and innovative consciousness。Some vocational undergraduate students have made outstanding achievements in various skills competitions at all levels, innovation and entrepreneurship competitions and discipline competitions - in the 2019-2023 National Competition List for College Students (Higher Vocational Colleges) issued by the Chinese Association of Higher Education in 2024，Five vocational schools are in the top 10。
The employment status of students is an important reference for testing the quality of vocational undergraduate education。Judging from the employment situation of vocational college in the past two years, the employment quality of graduates is high and the employment advantage is obvious。In June 2022, 9,220 graduates of the first batch of vocational undergraduate schools were awarded vocational undergraduate bachelor's degrees, with an average implementation rate of 87.07%, higher than the national average of undergraduate schools 4.Five percentage points。For example, the 2023 undergraduate graduates of Nanjing Polytechnic University have higher career expectation coincidence, professional counterpart, performance rate and monthly income than their junior college graduates。
It should be noted that the vocational undergraduate is still a new thing, in the pilot exploration period, the number of graduates is relatively small, and the career development years are not long。To continue to promote the high-quality employment of vocational college graduates, it is necessary to establish and improve the linkage mechanism of employment, training and enrollment in the future, strengthen the connection between supply and demand from the source, optimize professional Settings and personnel training programs。
(Author: Yang Jing and Zhang Xiaoying, both professors at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology)
(From Modern Higher Vocational and Technical Education Network, source: Guangming Daily, July 2, 2024)
